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key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 32365 Extra: Using where 1 row in set (0.01 sec) Listing 8-4. EXPLAIN of Listing 8-2 on a 5.0.4 Server mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Location -> WHERE City = 'San Diego' OR Zip = '10001' \G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: Location type: index_merge possible_keys: City,Zip key: City,Zip key_len: 37,6 ref: NULL rows: 39 Extra: Using union(City,Zip); Using where 1 row in set (0.00 sec) In Listing 8-4, you see the new index_merge optimization technique available in MySQL 5.0. The UNION optimization essentially queries both the City and Zip indexes, returning matching records that meet the part of the WHERE expression using the index, and then merges the two resultsets into a single resultset.

public boolean renderWithMaterial(String faceMat, GL gl) { if (!faceMat.equals(renderMatName)) { // is faceMat new renderMatName = faceMat; switchOffTex(gl); // switch off any previous texturing // set up new rendering material Texture tex = getTexture(renderMatName); if (tex != null) { // use the material's texture switchOnTex(tex, gl); flipTexCoords = tex.getMustFlipVertically(); } else // use the material's colors setMaterialColors(renderMatName, gl); } return flipTexCoords; } // end of renderWithMaterial() renderWithMaterial() checks the new material name (stored in faceMat) with the name of the currently loaded material (in renderMatName) and makes no changes if the names are the same. The method returns a boolean indicating whether the texture s coordinates need to be vertically flipped when they re mapped to the shape s coordinates. The current value is stored in a global so it can be returned by future calls to renderWithMaterial() when the material name hasn t changed. The method doesn t allow color and texturing to be mixed (i.e., blended). Any face color is ignored when a texture is applied. switchOffTex() switches off 2D texturing (and enables lighting lighting). switchOnTex() turns texturing on (and disables lighting): // global private boolean usingTexture = false;

The color is calculated by subtracting the destination color from the source: Output = (source color * source blend) (dest color * dest blend)

(City, Zip).

public void switchOffTex(GL gl) { if (usingTexture) { gl.glDisable(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D); usingTexture = false; gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHTING);

The color is calculated by subtracting the source color from the destination: Output = (dest color * dest blend) (source color * source blend)

Prior to MySQL 5.0, a rule in the optimization process mandated that no more than one index could be used in any single SELECT statement or subquery. With the new Index Merge optimization, this rule is thrown away, and some queries, particularly ones involving OR conditions in the WHERE clause, can employ more than one index to quickly retrieve the needed records. However, with MySQL versions prior to 5.0, you will see EXPLAIN results similar to those in Listing 8-3, which shows a nonexistent optimization process: the optimizer has chosen to disregard both possible indexes referenced by the WHERE clause and perform a full-table scan to fulfill the query. If you find yourself running these types of queries against a pre-5.0 MySQL installation, don t despair. You can play a trick on the MySQL server to get the same type of performance as that of the Index Merge optimization.

} } // end of switchOffTex()

The color is calculated by finding the lesser value from the source and destination colors: Output = Min( (source color * source blend), (dest color * dest blend) ) When using Min on Windows Phone 7, the source and destination blend functions must both be set to Blend.One, or XNA will throw an exception.

By using a UNION query with two separate SELECT statements on each part of the OR condition of Listing 8-2, you can essentially mimic the Index Merge behavior. Listing 8-5 shows how to do this. Listing 8-5. A UNION Query Resolves the Problem mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Location WHERE City = 'San Diego' -> UNION ALL -> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Location WHERE Zip = '10001'; +----------+ | COUNT(*) | +----------+ | 81 | | 2 | +----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) Listing 8-6 shows the EXPLAIN indicating the improved query execution plan generated by MySQL 4.1.9. Listing 8-6. EXPLAIN from Listing 8-5 mysql> EXPLAIN -> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM -> UNION ALL -> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM *************************** id: 1 select_type: PRIMARY table: Location type: ref possible_keys: City key: City key_len: 37 ref: const rows: 60 Extra: Using where; *************************** id: 2 select_type: UNION table: Location type: ref possible_keys: Zip key: Zip key_len: 8 ref: const rows: 2 Extra: Using where; Location WHERE City = 'San Diego' Location WHERE Zip = '10001' \G 1. row ***************************

The color is calculated by finding the greater value from the source and destination colors: Output = Max( (source color * source blend), (dest color * dest blend) ) When using Max on Windows Phone 7, the source and destination blend functions must both be set to Blend.One, or XNA will throw an exception.